From Accommodations to Accessibility: Challenging Ableism in Medical Education

Contributor: Dr. Nadine Abu-Ghazaleh

Why this matters
Disability is a common human experience. A 2021 Canadian Medical Association survey found that 22% of physicians report a disability or chronic health condition, most of which are non-apparent. Yet medical education continues to be shaped by a “selfless superhuman” ideal that assumes unlimited stamina, constant availability, and no need for accommodation. This narrative fuels internalized, cultural, and systemic ableism—and creates barriers for learners and faculty alike.

What is the “selfless superhuman”?
Medical culture continues to reflect an outdated “selfless superhuman” ideal that prioritizes endurance over wellbeing. We must challenge the stereotype that a “good doctor” is endlessly resilient, requires no rest, never gets sick, and consistently places personal needs last. By questioning how we define, model, and reward excellence, we can begin to recognize not only the systemic roots of this problem, but also the ways internalized ableism is perpetuated through our own clinical practices, teaching behaviours, and evaluative feedback.Creating space for this reflection is essential to fostering psychologically safe environments for learners, faculty, and all health-care allies. 

What can you do?

Medical educators hold real power: in evaluation, scheduling, curriculum design, and culture-setting. Moving from reactive accommodationto proactive accessibility is a necessary step toward equity, wellness, and sustainable medical practice.

Practical Take-aways for Educators:

  • Reflect on your own assumptions about competence, efficiency, productivity, and “fit”
  • Use inclusive language and respect identity-first or person-first preferences when speaking about patients or colleagues 
  • Model self-care (e.g., taking sick days, attending medical appointments, setting boundaries)
  • Learn the language and pathways: understand key terms (disability, ableism, accommodation, accessibility) and know where to direct learners for support, rather than expecting them to navigate systems alone (see below).
  •  Know your accommodation policies—and advocate for clearer, more transparent ones where gaps exist
  • Design proactively: clear expectations, flexible teaching methods, and transparent scheduling
  • Approach learners with curiosity and compassion, not suspicion, when challenges arise


Key Take-away:
Accessibility is not about lowering standards—it’s about removing unnecessary barriers so people can meet them.

Key Definitions:

  • Disability: A broad and diverse experience that may be physical, mental, cognitive, neurodevelopmental, sensory, episodic, temporary, or permanent—and intersects with other aspects of identity.
  • Ableism: A belief system that values certain bodies and minds as the “gold standard,” consciously or unconsciously positioning disabled people as less capable or less worthy.
  • Accommodation: An individualized adjustment that enables equitable participation. It is not a favour, preference, or guarantee of success—but a [human] right grounded in a functional need.
  • Accessibility: A proactive process of identifying, removing, and preventing barriers so environments work for everyone—not just those who request accommodations.
  • Internalized ableism: The process by which individuals—including health professionals—absorb cultural norms that equate worth, competence, or professionalism with productivity, endurance, and independence, often leading to shame, self-silencing, or unrealistic expectations of oneself and others.

Resources:

References:
Canadian Medical Association. (2021). National physician health survey.
https://www.cma.ca/our-focus/physician-health-and-wellness/national-physician-health-survey Ontario Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). Policy on ableism and discrimination based on disability.
https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-ableism-and-discrimination-based-disability
Jain, N. R. (2022). The capability imperative: Theorizing ableism in medical education. Social Science & Medicine, 315, 115549.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115549
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Disability and health overview.
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/disability.html

Theater of Medicine: What We, As Physicians, Can Learn from the Theatre

Contributors: Courtney Manser, MD, CCFP (PC) and Alexis Milligan, M.IDST 

Take Away Tidbits 

  • There is a direct connect between improvements in quality of care and improvements in patient satisfaction, including actual patient outcomes, and overall physician well-being. 
  • The five modes of communication include: words, numbers, movement, sound and image. As physicians we often focus on what is being said, however, how it is said, as well as how it makes patients feel through our body posture, tone of voice, and spatial awareness are just as important. 
  • Taking a few moments to re-centre ourselves using techniques often used in the theatre space can improve our non-verbal communication when entering a room. 

The Five Modes of Communication 

  1. Words 
  2. Numbers 
  3. Movement 
  4. Sound 
  5. Image 

Take a moment to consider how you are communicating your words through the other modes.  This includes how you are moving your body, the tone of your voice, and being aware of jumping to conclusions or assuming aspects in others that may not be the truth. 

Try to balance being on receive as much as transmit and help activate listening in others. 

Remember that breakdown of communication can often be something as simple as intention vs impact.  Sometimes what we intend does not have the impact we want and vice versa. 

How to Re-Centre Ourselves 

Picture this: You’ve been on your feet all day, running from room to room. You’re behind. You’ve had at least one difficult patient encounter. You’re tired, both physically and emotionally. How do you continue to see patients without allowing your physical presence and non-verbal communication to affect how your patient perceives the interaction? What you are “giving off” is much more than the words you say. Take a deep breath and do the following: 

The 5 points 

  1. Up – thinking of the lift coming up from the soft palette. 
  2. Wide – Open the peripheral vision and work to bring the horizon towards you. 
  3. Space – Let joints of the body feel open with space to move freely and easily. 
  4. Down – Feel the floor (or chair) supporting you as you stand (or sit). 
  5. Back – Feel the balance of your forward and back space. 

If you can, take three deep breaths thinking of these five points and add a gentle secret smile. 

Adaptability, Repetition, & Play 

Playing is not always a reference to fun and games.  It is a useful tool to help us adapt to something new, or work with rapid changes in a more positive way.   

When you need to engage in seeing multiple patients, or feel like you are a broken record, ask yourself to find one thing that is different, unique, or special with each repetition. 

Non-technical Skills 

Bringing equal value to non-technical skills is an essential part of developing a whole-system approach to medical practice.  They not only improve patient satisfaction and outcomes but also improve overall physician health and wellbeing. 

Non-technical skills are easy to learn, and with practice they can become second nature

For more information on ‘Theatre of Medicine” through the Shaw Festival, please visit:

https://www.shawfest.com/theatre-of-medicine

References

  1. Eisenberg, Amy MMH; Rosenthal, Susan MD, MS; Schlussel, Yvette R. PhD. Medicine as a Performing Art:What We Can Learn About Empathic Communication From Theater Arts. Academic Medicine 90(3):p 272-276, March 2015. | DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000626
  2. Leung J, Som A, McMorrow L, Zickuhr L, Wolbers J, Bain K, Flood J, Baker EA. Rethinking the difficult patient:formative qualitative study using participatory theater to improve physician-patient communication inrheumatology. JMIR Formative Research. 2023 Mar 6;7:e40573.
  3.  Milligan, A. (2022, May 1). Speaking in silence: A concept of whole-person communication.https://unbscholar.lib.unb.ca/items/8a219f3d-1ade-45be-9a03-33e7a3b5f985
  4.  Moniz T, Golafshani M, Gaspar CM, Adams NE, Haidet P, Sukhera J, Volpe RL, De Boer C, Lingard L. How arethe arts and humanities used in medical education? Results of a scoping review. Academic Medicine. 2021, Aug 1;96(8):1213-22.
  5. Stivers T, Tate A. The role of health care communication in treatment outcomes. Annual Review of Linguistics. 2023 Jan 17;9(1):233-52.
  6. Zulman DM, Haverfield MC, Shaw JG, et al. Practices to Foster Physician Presence and Connection With Patients in the Clinical Encounter. JAMA. 2020;323(1):70–81. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.19003

Optimizing Cognitive Load for Learning and Efficiency

Contributor: Amie Davis

1- DECREASE INTRINSIC LOAD – “COMPLEXITY OF NEW INFORMATION”
• Use a spiral curriculum where learners are introduced and re-introduced to increasingly complex topics and encounters
• Encourage continuity with patients over time (allowing familiarization with complexity)
• ”Chunk” or “Sort” encounter into smaller pieces (e.g. Sort information by system)

2. DECREASE EXTRANEOUS LOAD – “UNNECESSARY AND DISTRACTING INFORMATION”
• EXTERNAL EXTRANEOUS LOADS
Optimize learning environment: Decrease interruptions (pages, message alerts, voice interruptions) during a tasks. Ensure all equipment is available and ready including technology and charting equipment. Clearly mark/hold times for tasks that can be seen and respected by others

• INTERNAL EXTRANEOUS LOADS
Manage fatigue – Micro-breaks between tasks to allow re-focus, allow time for nutrition and “bio-breaks”, ensure adequate time held in the day for the tasks needed (so that can be present and not focused on “what comes next/feeling rushed”), wear clothing that is comfortable and adjustable to temperature throughout the day

3. INCREASE GERMANE LOAD – “LINKING NEW INFORMATION WITH CURRENT/PREVIOUSLY STORED INFORMATION SCHEMAS”
• Introduce learning aids (e.g. Mnemonics, rhymes, common links, pattern recognition)
• Link to similar previous presentations or patients seen in the past (also increases spiral learning)
• Use low-fidelity simulation to high fidelity (patient encounters) when possible (e.g. Practice first)


References:
1. Atkinson,R.C and Shiffrin, R.M.(1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. The psychology of learning and motivation Vol.2 (89-195)
2. Baddeley, A.D. Working Memory. Phil. Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B. Vol 302,311-324(1983)
3. Steven E Roskos, Laurie Fitzpatrick, Bengt Arnetz, Judy Arnetz, Shiva Shrotriya, Elizabeth Hengstebeck, Complex patients’ effect on family physicians: high cognitive load and negative emotional impact, Family Practice, Volume 38, Issue 4, August 2021, Pages 454–459,https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmaa137